PGCE 2013

The 36th Petroleum Geoscience Conference & Exhibition (PGCE 2013) is one of the largest and premier Geoscience events in South East Asia. The two-day programme includes a comprehensive Geoscience conference, technical exhibition, student programme, short courses, geological field trips, a golf tournament and also a gala dinner. Its emphasis on multi-disciplinary approaches to geosciences and related engineering disciplines attract participants globally. 

PGCE was founded by Geological Society of Malaysia (GSM) in 1977 and is now an annual event co-organized by Malaysia’s national oil company, PETRONAS and managed by a professional society, European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers (EAGE). In 2012, PGCE set numerous new precedence, including registering for the first time more than 2,000 delegates and 44 exhibitors from various parts of the world including United Kingdom, Russia, Australia, Japan, India and Indonesia. 

This unique event designed for the professional geosciences community provides excellent exhibition and sponsorship opportunities offering ideal ways to showcase equipments and services, strengthen and expand networks and promote new businesses and alliances. Whether it is your goal to have maximum exposure and visibility at the event, support a particular sponsor activity or enhance your image; PGCE 2013 will provide a perfect opportunity to reach thousands of geoscientists. This year, the prestigious conference will be held from 18-19 March 2013 at the Kuala Lumpur Convention Centre with the theme ‘Innovative Geoscience: Securing Energy Needs’. 

Official Welcoming Letter as New AAPG Student Chapter

             American Association of Petroleum Geologists   

                                                An International Geological Organization

      Mail:  P.O. Box 979, Tulsa, OK  74101-0979 USA   w  1444 South Boulder, Tulsa,  OK  74119 USA

December 1, 2012

Curtin University of Technology, Sarawak Student Chapter of AAPG

Welcome to the AAPG Student Chapter Program:

Dear Mohd Suhaimi, Dr. Nagarajan Ramasamy, and members of the Chapter:

I want to welcome your university into the AAPG Student Chapter Program.  At AAPG we want all of our Student Chapters to be successful and prominent in their leadership roles within their university.

To maintain active status, a Student Chapter must submit a current list of all AAPG student members that are a member of your university student chapter (please include full name and member #) at the beginning of each school year.  A list of officers is required at this time as well.  I also need reports on the activities your group participates in.  The requirement is two reports, one in December and the other at the end of the school year in May or June.  Keep updated with the latest news about AAPG Student programs by subscribing to the Student Outlook blog at: http://blog.aapg.org/students/   

You may wish to take advantage of e-mail access by forwarding me chapter news updates at:  students@aapg.org.

  The following web-site http://students.aapg.org is the official AAPG Student Chapter web-site. This site contains all of the details about the program.  If you have any questions please refer to the web-site, and if you have difficulty in locating the information you need, please do not hesitate to let me know.  You might pass along this information to your student chapter members.

Addendum to the Faculty Advisor:

As you know, the purpose of this Association (AAPG)  is to advance the science of geology, especially as it relates to petroleum, natural gas, and other energy mineral resources; to promote the technology of exploring for, finding, and producing these materials from the earth; to foster the spirit of scientific research throughout its membership; to disseminate information relating to the geology and the associated technology of petroleum, natural gas, and other energy mineral resources; to inspire and maintain a high standard of professional conduct on the part of its members; to provide the public with means of recognition of adequately trained and professional responsible petroleum geologist; and to advance the professional well-being of its members.

A strong student program, both graduate and undergraduate is a vital part of the Association.  Additionally, student chapters also provide a means of contact with the geological profession both inside and outside of academia.

That contact, facilitated through the Student Chapter Program, is of benefit to the AAPG, to the university, and to students.

Each student chapter must choose a faculty advisor and this is the role that AAPG wishes you to take on.  The faculty advisor must be an Active or Associate member of AAPG and will serve as the liaison between AAPG and the Student Chapter. Additional duties of the Faculty Advisor are to be aware of the Constitution, Bylaws, and Rules of AAPG and assure the Chapter’s adherence to them; to assure that the Chapter prepares and delivers their reports to Headquarters as per the schedule; and to be a repository for the Chapter’s records.  The success (or failure) of a Student Chapter is often related to the participation (or lack of) of the faculty advisor. Even the most energetic of Student Chapter Presidents need the support and encouragement of the faculty advisor. When selecting your advisor(s) we suggest you talk with them beforehand such that they may be aware of, and be willing to accept the responsibility.

Addendum to the President:

I realize that it is difficult to balance the many hats we have to wear and to keep our priorities in proper perspective--juggling school, work, family, and extracurricular activities. 

At the same time, I hope you will look upon your position as President of your Student Chapter as a wise career choice that enhances your leadership abilities, which will contribute to the future of your profession.

It only takes a few simple steps to assure the success of your Chapter:

1) Set goals that are specific and realistic.

2) Hold meetings regularly.

3) Follow up with a note to me to maintain a high level of communication at AAPG.

In doing so you’ll find efficient communication with AAPG to be beneficial.  You will also be able to maintain your active status, which ensures continued receipt of any new turn of events here at AAPG. 

I am glad for the opportunity to work with you.  Remember that I am here to help you attain your goals.  If I can be of assistance or offer you any encouragement, please call me.

Sincerely,

                        

Mike Mlynek                                                                                                                               Assistant Manager, AAPG Member Services

Brian McBroom                                                                                                                               Member Services Specialist, AAPG Member Services

Student Focus

Have you renewed your membership?

Have you renewed your AAPG Membership for 2012-2013 Session?

Follow these simple steps:

1. Go this link- http://students.aapg.org/

2. Then click on the 'renew'-  RENEW your current student membership through Chevron's generous support. It is located near the Chevron logo.

3. Click Online Request Form (complete through browser) located at the right sidebar. It is at the most bottom in the sidebar as shown below.

Download a form and return to AAPG:

PDF (print and return by fax or mail)

PDF Form (compete and submit electronically)

MSWord Form Doc(complete and submit electronically or by fax or mail)

Online Request Form(complete through browser)

4. Fill in the form. Tick where appropriate.

UPCOMING EVENT: Nature in Miniature

Higgs Boson?

Scientists at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) have discovered a new sub-atomic particle consistent with the long-sought Higgs boson.

The particle's confirmation would stand out as one of the great scientific achievements of the 21st Century so far.

But what exactly is the Higgs boson, and why have particle physicists spent more than 40 years searching for it?

What is the Higgs boson?

The Higgs so far definitively exists only in the minds of theoretical physicists. There is a sturdy theory for how much of the Universe works - all of the particles that make up atoms and molecules and all the matter we see, most of the forces that direct them, and a small zoo of more exotic particles. This is called the Standard Model. However, there is a glaring hole in the theory: it does not explain how it is that some of those particles gain their mass. The Higgs mechanism was proposed in 1964 by six physicists, including the Edinburgh-based theoretician Peter Higgs, as an explanation to fill this hole.

Best explanation of Higgs boson?

Scientists' best theory for why different things have mass is the "Higgs field" - where mass can be seen as a measure of the resistance to movement. The "Higgs field" is shown here as a room of physicists chatting among themselves.

1/4

What is so important about mass?

Mass is, quite simply, a measure of how much stuff an object - a particle, a molecule, or a Yorkshire terrier - contains. If not for mass, all of the fundamental particles that make up atoms and terriers would whiz around at light speed, and the Universe as we know it could not have clumped up into matter. The Higgs mechanism proposes that there is a field permeating the Universe - the Higgs field - that allows particles to obtain their mass. Interactions with the field - with the Higgs bosons that come from it - are purported to give particles mass. This is not unlike a field of snow, in which trudging through impedes progress; your shoes interacting with snow particles slows you down.

How do scientists search for the Higgs boson?

Ironically, the Standard Model does not predict an exact mass for the Higgs itself. Particle accelerators such as the LHC are used to systematically search for the particle over a range of masses where it could plausibly be. The LHC works by smashing together two beams of the sub-atomic particles called protons at close to light-speed. This generates a vast shower of particles that are only created at high energies. The Higgs will probably never be observed directly, but scientists at the LHC have been looking for a Higgs that fleetingly exists in this soup of particles. If it behaves as researchers think it will, it should decay further into yet more particles, leaving a trail that proves its existence.

It is not the first machine to hunt for the particle. The LEP machine, which ran at Cern from 1989-2000, ruled out the Higgs up to a certain mass, and until it was switched off in 2011, theUS Tevatron accelerator searched for the particle above this range. On Monday, the Tevatron team released their final analysis, which tantalisingly points to a particle much like the one that the LHC data suggests.

Experiments at Cern - the Large Hadron Collider at work

LHCbATLASALICECMS

When will we know if we have found it?

Particle physicists are a notoriously conservative bunch when it comes to saying they have found something. If you flip a coin 10 times and get eight heads, you might think the coin is somehow "loaded". But only after hundreds of flips can you say so with the kind of certainty that physics requires for a formal "discovery".

The first hurdle is to definitively nail down the particle's mass - showing up as a kind of "bump" in the data - and that part looks to be just around the corner. What is next is to make sure that it behaves as the theory predicts it should - how it interacts with other particles and in turn decays in to yet more particles. This is very much the frontier of high-energy physics and a complete and certain entry into the Standard Model is probably a long way off yet.

And what then?

Most professional physicists would say that finding the Higgs in precisely the form that theory predicts would actually be a disappointment. Large-scale projects such as the LHC are built with the aim of expanding knowledge, and confirming the existence of the Higgs right where we expect it, while it would be a triumph for our understanding of physics, would be far less exciting than not finding it. It is those kinds of surprises that have led to great revolutions in science.

Rest easy, though - if the trend continues and this simplest version of the Higgs takes pride of place in the Standard Model, many big questions remain. After all, the Standard Model explains matter as we know it, but there is much reason to believe that matter only makes up 4% of the observable Universe. The rest - dark matter and dark energy - may prove even harder to pin down. It is as if we are near to completing one side of a Rubik's cube and being reminded the other five are all a jumble.

The Standard Model and the Higgs boson

• The Standard Model is the simplest set of ingredients - elementary particles - needed to make up the world we see in the heavens and in the laboratory

• Quarks combine together to make, for example, the proton and neutron - which make up the nuclei of atoms today - though more exotic combinations were around in the Universe's early days

• Leptons come in charged and uncharged versions; electrons - the most familiar charged lepton - together with quarks make up all the matter we can see; the uncharged leptons are neutrinos, which rarely interact with matter

• The "force carriers" are particles whose movements are observed as familiar forces such as those behind electricity and light (electromagnetism) and radioactive decay (the weak nuclear force)

• The Higgs boson came about because although the Standard Model holds together neatly, nothing requires the particles to have mass; for a fuller theory, the Higgs - or something else - must fill in that gap

Source: bbc.co.uk

So

Higgs Boson? Explained.

Scientists at Cern, the Geneva-based European laboratory for particle physics, are revealing their latest findings in their search for the Higgs boson. Here, science correspondent Ian Sample – author of Massive: The Hunt for the God Particle – explains what a Higgs boson is, how Cern physicists are looking for it, and why it matters if they find it

Professor Peter Higgs - the physicist who gave his name to the Higgs boson. Photograph: Murdo Macleod

Source: guardian.co.uk

Bill Stone: Explorer, inventor and outer space dreamer

Engineer and daredevil explorer Bill Stone is obsessed with discovery. After years of crawling through the deepest unexplored caves on the planet, he's building robots to go where he can't. His company Stone Aerospace built DepthX, an autonomous robot, which descended 1,099 feet down Mexico's deepest watery sinkhole. In 2009, Stone and his team completed a successful mission to Antarctica. ENDURANCE, an expedition sponsored by NASA, was developed to explore and map under the ice of Lake Bonney in Antarctica.But this was just a test for the real mission (which is explained in a recent National Geographic documentary, Journey to an Alien Moon): building a probe with NASA to bore through miles of ice on Jupiter's moon Europa, then swim through the buried Europan sea in search of alien life.

Solution on the rocks

Read more: Solution on the rocks - Live - New Straits Times http://www.nst.com.my/life-times/live/solution-on-the-rocks-1.80747#ixzz1vDu9iKc7

FOR centuries, geology has enlightened us about the Earth we live on. But this study of the Earth can also be a powerful “detective” tool, offering clues on how we can help solve environmental problems.

We talk to two geologists, Seet Chin Peng and Dr Saim Suratman, and a specialist in engineering hydrogeology, Dr Azuhan Mohamed, about the role of geology in environment conservation. They will be speaking at the Conference on

Groundwater, which is part of the outreach programme Geology Made Simple, organised by Institute of Geology Malaysia (IGM), on Tuesday and Wednesday at One World Hotel in Kuala Lumpur.

Volcano: Threat Zone

This is a very nice graphic to show the volcanic system of Lake Kivu Basin. Close to one million people in the Lake Kivu Basin have potentially lethal neighbors: a lake full of deadly gases, lava-spewing cones and fissures, and active volcanoes. All were created by titanic forces pulling apart the East African Rift Zone. Check the website for an interactive view.

Source: National Geographic

AAPG Officer Election Results

American Association of Petroleum Geologists An International Geological Organization

Lee Krystinik, principal, Fossil Creek Resources, Arlington, Texas, has been voted president-elect by the AAPG membership for the 2012-13 term and will serve as AAPG president in 2013-14. Also elected were: Vice President - Sections – Thomas E. Ewing, geoscientist and partner, Yegua Energy Associates and geoscientist, Frontera Exploration Consultants, San Antonio, Texas. Treasurer – Deborah K. Sacrey, owner, Auburn Energy, Houston. Both the vice president-Sections and treasurer will serve for two years. Balloting opened March 1 and closed May 15. A full report is available online.

Congratulations, new Geologists!

Curtin Geology Club and Curtin Sarawak AAPG Student Chapter congratulate the BSc. Applied Geology Class of 2011 for their graduations. We wish all of you very bright futures!

Photos by Juhanis Johari

Petroleum and Gas Conference and Exhibition 2012

by Juhanis Johari

There were 10 students from Curtin University Sarawak Campus attending PGCE (Petroleum Geoscientist Conference and Exhibition) 2012 that was held at Kuala Lumpur Conventional Centre for two days to gain tips and informations about getting into the oil and gas industry. 

On 23^rd of April, we started with the opening ceremony and speeches from leading industry experts. Then, after lunch, we attended a special student programme with interesting special talks and a geo-quiz with attractive prizes up to be grabbed by the winning team! 

The special talks were as follows:

Presentation	Presenter
Talk 1: Oil and Gas Industry Overview	Prof Dr Deva Ghosh (UTP)
Talk 2: A Day in the Life of a Geologist	Abdul Hannan Hisyam B Yahya (PETRONAS)
Talk 3: A Day in the Life of a Seismic Processor	Mr Peter Lee (PGS)
Talk 4: How to Find a Job	Jesmee Zainal (PGS)
Geo-Quiz	Prof Dr. Bernard J. Pierson

In the Geo-Quiz, 26 teams of two from local and international universities were put to test with series of questions only to have one winning team. Winners will be invited to the PGCE Gala Dinner for the prize giving ceremony and will be receiving 2 iPads! The University of Malaya grabbed the price. The first runner up is from UTP. But it is proudly to say that Curtin is one of the top 5! BRAVO!

For the second day we filled our times jumping from booth to booth at the exhibition. There were a lot of oil and gas companies around the world that we actually don’t know. During that day, we met up with some of our seniors too! Some of them were the exhibitors, some dropping their CVs for job applications, and some just want to meet up old friends. The booths were decorated creatively with a lot of interesting activities to interact the visitors. A lot of awesome prizes like iPads, Samsung Galaxy gadgets, MP3s and more were given away for lucky draws, speed games and quizzes.

At the end of the day, everyone was satisfied with experience and knowledge gain for working life in oil and gas industries. We wish all the Final Year the best for their working life and the future.

Debbie Yeo, chosen as one of excellent student awards during PGCE

PHOTOS: First Year Niah Field Trip

Enjoy your Labuan field trip!

i-Geology wishes the Year II Applied Geology Students a happy and informative field trip in Labuan.

The field trip will be held from 15th to 20th of April 2012 right after Curtin's Tuition Free Week. The students will be staying in Manikar Beach Resort, Labuan. 

Why are geology students the happiest at university?

Alum Bay, famous for its varied coloured sand cliffs near The Needles, Isle of Wight, England. Photograph: Richard Sowersby/Rex

Students on geology courses are the happiest with their degrees, while those on cinematics and photography courses are the least content, today's national student survey shows.

Some 95% of geologists quizzed in the poll of nearly 220,000 students studying all subjects at UK universities and colleges were satisfied with their courses. Only 67% of the photographers were.

It couldn't be anything to do with the geologists' annual two-week field trip to Spain or the Arran Islands to collect water and soil samples, could it?

"That's just one reason geology came top," says Paul Nathanail, professor of engineering geology at the University of Nottingham.

It is a hands-on, practical subject. Geologists can often be found with a hammer in one hand and a bottle of hydrochloric acid and compass in the other, he says.

But geology also gives students, at an early stage in their studies, the chance to be part of cutting-edge science.

"If a student sees a new rock, they can begin to challenge the established way of thinking," he says.

AAPG Bulletin: April Highlights

Hello! These are some of the highlights in the April edition of AAPG Bulletin. You can access to the publication online once you have registered. If you have not done so, please do so as soon as possible. The link to register is provided on the sidebar of this site. Enjoy your holiday!

GEOLOGIC NOTE

Temporal and lateral variation in the development of growth faults and growth strata in western Niger Delta, NigeriaHamed Fazli Khani and Stefan Back 

GEOHORIZONS

Mapping of salt structures and related fault lineaments based on remote-sensing and gravimetric data: The case of the Monte Real salt wall (onshore west-central Portugal)Fernando Carlos Lopes, Alcides José Pereira, and Vasco Manuel Mantas 

Geologic modeling and fluid-flow simulation of acid gas disposal in western WyomingShuiquan Li, Ye Zhang, Xu Zhang, and Changan Du

ARTICLES

Microstructural investigation of gas shales in two and three dimensions using nanometer-scale resolution imagingMark E. Curtis, Carl H. Sondergeld, Raymond J. Ambrose, and Chandra S. Rai

Depositional and diagenetic controls on reservoir attributes within a fluvial outcrop analog: Upper Triassic Sonsela member of the Chinle Formation, Petrified Forest National Park, ArizonaAislyn M. Trendell, Stacy C. Atchley, and Lee C. Nordt 

The lateral strike-slip domain in gravitational detachment delta systems: A case study of the northwestern margin of the Niger DeltaAmélie M. Leduc, Richard J. Davies, Alexander L. Densmore, and Jonathan Imber

Evaluation of hydrocarbon potential of the Paleozoic (Cambrian-Devonian) source rocks of the Gaspé Peninsula, Québec, Canada: Geochemical characterization, expulsion efficiency, and erosion scenarioGaëlle Grundman, Françoise Behar, Michel Malo, François Baudin, and François Lorant

Relationship between fractures, fault zones, stress, and reservoir productivity in the Suban gas field, Sumatra, IndonesiaPeter Hennings, Patricia Allwardt, Pijush Paul, Chris Zahm, Ray Reid Jr., Hugh Alley, Roland Kirschner, Bob Lee, and Elliott Hough

NEWS: i-Geology is Hiring

ARTICLE: Malaysia has huge untapped mineral resources

UNKNOWN to many, Malaysia has huge coal reserves that can be fully tapped as an additional source of energy to lessen the burden of domestic industries currently saddled with increasingly high energy costs from gas and electricity.

According to the Mineral and Geoscience Department, the country’s coal resources are estimated at 1.72 billion tonnes, of which 274 million were measured, 347 million indicated and the balance 1.1 billion inferred.

In Sarawak and Sabah alone, coal reserves are estimated to have an in situ value of 300 million tonnes worth over RM150bil.

NEWS: CGC-AAPG General Meeting 2012

30th March 2012- A General Meeting was conducted by Curtin Geology Club (CGC) and Curtin Sarawak Association of American Petroleum Geologists (AAPG) last Friday. 

CGC-AAPG President, Muhammad Syafiq Bin Suhaimi was
giving his speech to the members. Photo by Muhammad
Hafiz Bin Zulkifli

The meeting started with the general introduction of CGC and Curtin Sarawak AAPG to the first year students. President of CGC-AAPG then gave his speech to the members reminding about their cooperation and contributions to the clubs. 

An election to vote for Vice President II, Secretary, Treasurer and other various positions was conducted after that. It was a very excited moment when lots of candidates did show their eagerness to work hard in bringing CGC-AAPG to a better level. However, it was a rather sad situation when the meeting was not supported by the majority of second year students who did not turn up. 

Listed below is the final result of the election:

President : Muhammad Syafiq Bin Suhaimi

Vice President I : Muhammad Bin Saidun

Vice President II : Tai Chew Yee

Secretary : Kong Pei Lu

Assistant Secretary : Muhd Hariz bin Abdullah @ Chrisna Carlos

Treasurer : Marni Amalina Mansor

Assistant Tresurer : Shantha Kumaran (SK)

Head of Project Manager : Nur Faridah Yaakob

Public Relations Officer : Phoebe Lo

Chief Editor i-Geology : Faidhi Bin Yusoff 

The meeting ended around 7pm with a short advising speech from Dr. Nagarajan. CGC-AAPG are hoping more members will come and show their seriousness to bring benefits to all members. 

CGC-AAPG Welcome New Students!

Welcome to Curtin University Sarawak Campus to new students! If you have decided to read geology in Curtin, i-Geology is here to help you. Curtin Geology Club and Curtin Sarawak American Association of Petroleum Geologist (AAPG) Student Chapter are the geology clubs to promote the interests of the field in Curtin Sarawak.

CGC has been in Curtin for quite some times and AAPG is a new student chapter which is still in the establishment process. 

CGC and AAPG are two separate geological clubs but both have i-Geology as its blog. We really hope new students coming to Curtin to study Geology will participate in all of our activities. As in AAPG, there will be an Introduction Session with one of our members for new students. The date and time will be informed later on. For any enquiries please contact Glaiza Marie Gagno through her Facebook.

Feature: Kuala Lumpur Karstic Limestones

This time around, i-Geology diverts its attention from Miri to Kuala Lumpur for a while. We'll be looking into the karstic features of Kuala Lumpur limestone. As what we have learnt in Geology 102 (it came out in last semester's exam question too!) karst is  is a geological formation shaped by the dissolution of a layer or layers of soluble bedrock, usually carbonate rock such as limestone or dolomite. 

Kuala Lumpur Limestone is well known for its highly erratic karstic features. With the exception of Batu Caves, exposures of Kuala Lumpur Limestone are mainly found in  tin mining areas.

Geology of Kuala Lumpur Area 

Figure 1: Geological section through KL. (Tan Siow Meng)

Published geological maps of Kuala Lumpur area show that Kuala Lumpur Limestone Formation dominates the majority area of KL. A geological section  through KL is shown in Fig. 1. The limestone is estimated to be about 1,850m thick, overlying graphitic  schist known as Hawthornden Schist. The top of the sequence is Kenny Hill formation which occupies the heartland of KL including areas at KLCC and Bukit Bintang. 

According to Gobbett & Hutchison (1973),  Kuala Lumpur Limestone is “Upper Silurian marble, finely crystalline grey to cream,  thickly bedded, variably dolomitic rock. Banded marble, saccharoidal dolomite, and pure calcitic limestone also occur”.

Karstic Features -- Development of Karsts  

Figure 2: Development of karsts

Karst topography in limestone is formed by a chemical dissolution process when groundwater  circulates through the limestone as illustrated in Fig. 2. Carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is fixed or converted in the soil in an aqueous state and combined with rainnwater to form carbonic  acid, which readily dissolves carbonate rocks. Karstic features develop from a self-accelerating process of water flow along well-defined pathways such as bedding planes, joints and faults

Jalan Cheras/Jalan Chan Sow Lin?

On a flat limestone terrain, steep depressions can occur. Such a feature was encountered in a deep excavation at a site near the junction of Jalan Cheras/Jalan Chan Sow Lin.  The depression was about 27m deep. Potholes as shown in Fig. 8 were exposed at an excavation site near Kg. Pandan Roundabout. The biggest pothole measured 11m in diameter and 8m deep. Another pothole was suspected 150m away as detected by boreholes supplemented by Mackintosh probing tests. The potholes at Sg. Besi Tin Mines observed by Ayob (1965) were 10m in diameter  and 25m deep. Similar features are described as ‘well like holes’ by Yeap (1986). Their sizes vary from  30m to 200m in diameter! 

Like limestone in other parts of the world, erratic karst topography commonly found in Kuala Lumpur Limestone is formed by a chemical dissolution process. The dissolution of limestone is a very slow process compared to human life span.  

The karsts consist of deep dissections, potholes, steep depressions and solution channels, resulting in erratic limestone rock bedrock profile that posts great uncertainties and challenges in foundation construction.

And this is where the role of a geologist is needed! 

Reference: Karstic Features of Kuala Lumpur Limestone. TAN Siow Meng, Simon, Committee Member, Geotechnical Engineering Technical Division